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Home > Health and Fitness > Medicine > Understanding How Your Knee Works
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Understanding How Your Knee Works
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The knee is a lower extremity joint connecting the femur and the tibia.
Because the knee is responsible for supporting almost the entire weight
of the human body, the knee is especially vulnerable to injury and to
the development of osteoarthritis.
The knee is a very complex joint, made up of bone, cartilage and
tendons. The knee is actually made up of two separate joints. The
femoro-patellar joint consists of the “kneecap” or patella, which sits
inside the anterior thigh muscles tendons, and the patellar groove on
the front of the femur bone through which it slides. The femoro-tibial
joint connects the thigh bone, known as the femur, with the tibia, the
large bone in the lower leg. One unique feature of the knee is that the
joint is surrounded with a thick fluid found inside a membrane.
The knee also contains the following ligaments, which most sports fans
could probably list off verbatim considering the high number of
incidents of highly paid professional athletes tearing one or more of
them.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL is probably the best
known of the knee ligaments and is extremely important in good knee
health. The ACL keeps the tibia bone from being moved too far to the
front of the knee in relative position to the femur bone. The ACL is
one of four major ligaments inside the knee. It connects from the back
and outside part of the femur bone to the front and inside part of the
tibia bone.
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Not to be confused with the
Pacific Coast League of minor league baseball, the posterior cruciate
ligament is the second of the four major ligaments in the knee. It
connects the back intercondylar area of the tibia bone to the medial
condyle of the femur. An exam called the posterior drawer test is used
by doctors to detect injury to the PCL. During the test, the doctor
will position himself sitting on the end of the patients foot with the
knee turned 80 degrees. The doctor then jerks the tibia backwards. If
there is excessive movement, a tear in the PCL is probable.
The Capsular Ligament. Also known as the joint capsules or articular
capsules form a space for the bone joints to move in. Each capsule is
made up of two layers – an outer layer made up of white, fibrous
tissue, and an inner layer which secretes fluid.
The Ligamentum Patellae. The Patellar ligament is an anterior ligament
and is a strong and flat band about 8 cm long and is attached to the
kneecap and to the tibia. Its fibres stretch over the front of the
kneecap with the tendon from the quadriceps.
The Medial Collateral Ligament. The MCL protects the side of the knee
from being bent open from a force from the other side of the knee.
The Lateral Collateral Ligament. The LCL protects the knee from a bending force from inside the knee.
The Oblique Popliteal Ligament. The OBL is a broad, flat, fibrous band.
As you can see with all these different aspects to the knee there is a high possibility of things going wrong within the joint.
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